1. These changes, their causes and consequences are briefly surveyed in Ruddick W;Philosophy and public affairs. Social research,1980
2. Some medical schools have 'medical humanities' departments with one or two philosophers full-time. At older medical schools philosophers are more likely to have part-time appointments. Most common, however, is a Nor do we see the harm if such reflection and philosopher sitting on committees reviewing research subsequent reforms disrupt temporarily or proposals, care of incurably ill patients, and other intermittently the entrenched routines ofhospital care. problematic cases
3. Medical ethics: some reservations;for example Swales J D, See;Journal of medical ethics; 127, and a reply by Arras,1982
4. are exercised within a social complex that may resist centers;Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs,1980