Crystallization of short-acting and intermediate-acting local anesthetics when mixed with adjuvants: a semiquantitative light microscopy analysis

Abstract

IntroductionThe addition of adjuvants to short-acting local anesthetics (LA) is common practice in clinical routine to speed up block onset and decrease pain on injection. In a previous study, we observed the development of microscopic crystal precipitations after bupivacaine or ropivacaine were mixed with adjuvants; this follow-up study is intended to clarify whether crystallization (A) also occurs in short-acting or intermediate-acting LA-adjuvant mixtures, (B) changes over time, and (C) is associated with the solutions’ pH.MethodsLidocaine 2%, prilocaine 2%, mepivacaine 2%, procaine 2% and chloroprocaine 2% were individually mixed with clonidine, dexamethasone, dexmedetomidine, epinephrine, fentanyl, morphine or sodium bicarbonate 8.4% in clinically established ratios. For each mixture, we measured initial pH and recorded crystallization patterns at 0, 15, 30 and 60 min using a standardized, semiquantitative light microscopy approach.ResultsLidocaine 2% and mepivacaine 2% plus sodium bicarbonate 8.4%, and mepivacaine 2% plus dexamethasone developed delayed grade 5 crystallization over 1 hour. Prilocaine-based, procaine-based and chloroprocaine-based mixtures showed much less pronounced crystallization, with a maximum of grade 2. Initial pH and grade of crystallization showed weak monotonic relationships at time points t0, t15and t30(ρ=−0.17, 0.31 and 0.32, (all p>0.05)) and a moderate relationship time point t60(ρ=0.57 (p=0.0003))ConclusionsOur study revealed high grades of crystallization in lidocaine/mepivacaine-bicarbonate and mepivacaine-dexamethasone mixtures, although these were previously considered safe for local, perineural or neuraxial use. Our findings cast particular doubt on the safety of preparing these formulations for later use.