Association between psychological distress and mortality: the case of Israel

Abstract

BackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated the association between psychological distress (measured by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-12) and risks of all-cause mortality and deaths from cardiovascular, cancer and other causes. We hypothesised that in the Israeli population permanently exposed to war/terror stressors, this relationship is absent.MethodsWe performed an analysis of data from participants in the Israel National Health Survey conducted in 2003–2004, who died during the follow-up decade. Subjects were assigned to groups based on GHQ-12 score: 0–10 (asymptomatic), 11–14 (subclinically symptomatic), 15–19 (symptomatic) and 20–36 (highly symptomatic). Data were weighted to the total population.ResultsWe analysed data from 4843 individuals, median age 40.5 (IQR 28–54); 473 participants died during the follow-up. We found a significant increase in total mortality, cardiovascular and other causes of mortality (but not cancer deaths) with increase in GHQ-12 score (P for linear trend of ungrouped GHQ scores <0.0001, 0.0015 and <0.0001, respectively). The age–sex-adjusted HR for the highest GHQ-12 compared with the lowest asymptomatic category was 2.1 (95% CI 1.6 to 2.7) for all-cause deaths, 2.3 (95% CI 1.3 to 4.1) for cardiovascular disease deaths and 2.7 (95% CI 1.9 to 3.9) for other deaths. The HR remained significant after adjustment for education, smoking, alcohol consumption and diabetes. The HR even increased after excluding participants with baseline cardiovascular diseases and cancer.ConclusionContrary to our hypothesis, psychological distress was associated with all-cause and cardiovascular but not cancer mortality. The absence of reverse causality provides evidence for the direct deleterious effects of psychological distress on mortality outcomes.