Control of three gastrointestinal illness outbreaks in a British Role 1 facility in Afghanistan: a primary care perspective

Abstract

IntroductionIn 2019, Camp Qargha (QAA), a British-led multinational military camp in Kabul, had three of the largest outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness (GI) experienced by the British Military since 2003. This paper discusses the incidence, the response of the British-led Role 1 (R1) medical treatment facility, identifies potential causative and exacerbating factors, and explains the control measures initiated.MethodGI in QAA results in local and UK military-wide data collection including in the form of local GI questionnaires, FMed85 forms and EpiNATO returns. The data from these was used to identify trends during and after outbreaks and produce environmental health (EH) and local outbreak reports.ResultsOverall, among the outbreaks 56% of stool samples tested positive for norovirus. In each outbreak incidence peaked within the first 3 days, and hardened multiperson rooms were worst affected. 206 patient presentations occurred during the three outbreaks, 706 working days were lost in isolation, with QAA shut down while in quarantine for 27 days.DiscussionSignificant strain was placed on QAA and the R1. Causative factors may include close interaction with the local national (LN) population, a high population density and accommodation being limited by specific national infrastructure protocols in an operational environment.ConclusionEarly recognition of GI, positive standard operating procedures and good hygiene habits are essential to prevent the spread of GI such as norovirus. An early awareness of LN population illness patterns will allow the R1 and command to be better prepared for outbreaks in the future.