Exploring the role of blood pressure in the black-white disparity in cardiovascular disease mortality: a causal mediation analysis

Abstract

BackgroundCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in the USA, and high blood pressure is a major risk factor for CVD. Despite the overall declining rates of CVD mortality in the USA in recent years, marked disparities between racial and ethnic groups persist, with black adults having a higher mortality rate than white adults. We investigated the extent to which blood pressure mediated the black-white disparity in CVD mortality.MethodsData came from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, a diverse longitudinal cohort. We included 1325 black and 2256 white community-based adults aged 45–80 years free of clinical CVD at baseline and followed for 14 years. We used causal mediation analysis to estimate the effect of race on CVD mortality that was mediated through blood pressure.ResultsBlack participants had a higher hazard of dying from CVD compared with white participants (adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 1.28 (95% CI 0.88, 1.88)), though estimates were imprecise. Systolic blood pressure mediated 27% (HR: 1.02, 95% CI 1.00, 1.06) and diastolic blood pressure mediated 55% (HR: 1.07, 95% CI 1.01, 1.10) of the racial disparities in CVD mortality between white and black participants. Mediation effects were present in men but not in women.ConclusionsWe found that black-white differences in blood pressure partially explain the observed black-white disparity in CVD mortality, particularly among men. Our findings suggest that public health interventions targeting high blood pressure prevention and management could be important strategies for reducing racial disparities in CVD mortality.