Mediator or moderator? The role of obesity in the association between age at menarche and blood pressure in middle-aged and elderly Chinese: a population-based cross-sectional study

Abstract

ObjectiveWe investigated the moderation/mediation between the age of menarche and obesity parameters in predicting blood pressure (BP) in middle-aged and elderly Chinese.DesignOur study is a population-based cross-sectional study.SettingParticipants in this study came from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).ParticipantsThe analytical sample included 4513 participants aged 45–96 years.Main outcome measurementsData were selected from the CHARLS, a cross-sectional study. Between-group differences were evaluated using χ2, t-test and one-way analysis of variance. The trend of related variables by characteristics was also tested using contrast analysis, as appropriate. Then, correlations between characteristics, moderator, mediator, and independent and dependent variables were used by Spearman’s correlation test and Pearson’s correlation test. Finally, the mediation analysis was performed by model 4 in PROCESS V3.3 macro for SSPSS, and moderation analysis was used by model 1 for assessment. All covariates were adjusted in the moderation or mediation models.ResultsIn the correlation analysis, body mass index (BMI) and waist circle (WC) level were positively correlated with both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in women (BMI and DBP: r=0.221, p<0.001; WC and DBP: r=0.183, p<0.001; BMI and SBP: r=0.129, p<0.001; WC and SBP: r=0.177, p<0.001). Age of menarche was negatively correlated with DBP (r=−0.060, p<0.001). However, the age of menarche was not significantly correlated with SBP (r=−0.014, p=0.335). In the moderator analysis, after controlling for the potential confounders, the interaction term of obesity parameters×age of menarche was not significant for predicting either DBP (BMI: B=0.0260, SE=0.0229, p=0.2556, 95% CI −0.0189 to 0.071; WC: B=0.0099, SE=0.0074, p=0.1833, 95% CI −0.0047 to 0.0244) or SBP (BMI: B=0.0091, SE=0.0504, p=0.8561, 95% CI −0.0897 to 0.108; WC: B=−0.0032, SE=0.0159, p=0.8427, 95% CI −0.0343 to 0.028). All correlations were significant correlation between age of menarche, obesity parameters and BP except the path of the menarche age→SBP (with the addition of the BMI indicator: β=−0.0004, B=−0.0046, p=0.9797, 95% CI −0.3619 to 0.3526; with the addition of the WC indicator: β=0.0004, B=0.0044, p=0.9804, 95% CI −0.3439 to 0.3526) in crude model. In general, after controlling for potential confounders, BMI (DBP: β=−0.0471, B= −0.2682, p=0.0021, 95% CI −0.4388 to –0.0976; SBP: β=−0.0515, B=−0.6314, p<0.001, 95% CI −0.9889 to –0.2739) and WC (DBP: β=−0.0474, B= −0.2689, p<0.001, 95% CI −0.4395 to –0.0984; SBP: β=−0.0524, B=−0.6320, p<0.001, 95% CI −0.9832 to –0.2807) partly mediated the relationship between age of menarche and BP.ConclusionsThe interaction term of obesity parameters×age of menarche was not significant for predicting either DBP or SBP in women. Moreover, obesity parameters partly mediated the relationship between the age of menarche and BP.