1. The previous breadline Britain survey, in 1983, had pioneered the "consensual" or "perceived deprivation" approach to measuring poverty, which is defined from the viewpoint of the public's perception of minimum need: "This study tackles the questions 'how poor is too poor?' by identifying the minimum acceptable way of life in Britain in the 1980s. Those who have no choice but to fall below this minimum level can be said to be 'in poverty'. This concept is developed in terms of those who have an enforced lack of socially perceived necessities. This means that the 'necessities' of life are identified by public opinion and not by, on the one hand, the views of experts or, on the other hand, the norms of behaviour per se.,,16
2. People andplaces 2. Social and economic distinctions in England 1991. Bristol; SAUS;Gordon, D.; Forrest, R.;and the Statistical Monitoring Unit,1995
3. People and places. A 1991 census atlas of England. Bristol: SAUS;Forrest, R.; Gordon, D.;and the Statistical Monitoring Unit,1993
4. Inequalities in health in the Northern Region: an interim report. Newcastle upon Tyne and;Townsend, P.; Phillimore, P.; Beattie, A.,1986
5. the Environment Index of local conditions: an analysis based on 1991 census data;Department of,1994