Tendon Transfers in Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes after tendon transfers in the setting of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to find primary clinical studies of any type of tendon transfer in the setting of RTSA. Results: Overall, 17 studies (level of evidence [LOE] I: 1, LOE II: 0, LOE III: 3, LOE IV: 13) met inclusion criteria, with 300 shoulders. Most patients were female (56.7%), with an average age of 68.7 years (range 19 to 89) and a mean follow-up of 46.2 months (range 6 to 174). 11 studies reported outcomes after combined latissimus dorsi and teres major transfer (LDTM) while eight studies reported on latissimus dorsi transfer only (LD). Improvements in commonly reported subjective and functional outcome measures were as follows: external rotation +32° (LDTM) and +30° (LD), flexion +65° (LDTM) and +59° (LD), Visual Analog Score −5.4 (LDTM) and −4.5 (LD), subjective shoulder value +43.8% (LDTM) and +46.3% (LD), and overall Constant score +33.8 (LDTM) and +38.7 (LD). The overall complication rate was 11.3%, including tendon transfer ruptures (0.7%), instability (3.0%), infection (2.0%), and nerve injury (0.3%). The all-cause repeat operation rate was 7.3%, most commonly for arthroplasty revision (5.3%). Subgroup analysis revealed that lateralized implants with tendon transfer resulted in markedly greater improvements in Constant score, flexion, ER1, and ER2 while medialized implants with tendon transfer had markedly greater improvements in Visual Analog Score, subjective shoulder value, and abduction. Conclusion: Patients undergoing tendon transfer of either combined LDTM or latissimus dorsi alone in the setting of RTSA have markedly improved subjective and functional outcomes. A moderate incidence of complications (11.3%) was noted in this patient population.