Sensitivity of the U.S. Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Population to Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicides

Abstract

Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is managed in the United States with cultivar resistance and foliar fungicides. Despite high levels of fungicide sensitivity in other cereal mildew populations, fungicide sensitivity of U.S. B. graminis f. sp. tritici has never been evaluated. Almost 400 B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates were collected from 15 U.S. states over 2 years and phenotyped for sensitivity to two widely used demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, tebuconazole and prothioconazole. A large range of sensitivity to both DMIs was observed, with more insensitive isolates originating from the eastern United States (Great Lakes, Mid-Atlantic, and Southeast regions) and more sensitive isolates from central states (Plains region, Arkansas, and Missouri). Cross-resistance was indicated by a positive although weak association between tebuconazole and prothioconazole sensitivities at all levels of analysis (EC50 values, P < 0.0001). A possible fitness cost was also associated with prothioconazole insensitivity (P = 0.0307) when analyzed at the state population level. This is the first assessment of fungicide sensitivity in the U.S. B. graminis f. sp. tritici population, and it produced evidence of regional selection for reduced DMI efficacy. The observation of reduced sensitivity to DMI fungicides in the eastern United States underlines the importance of rotating between chemistry classes to maintain the effectiveness of DMIs in U.S. wheat production. Although cross-resistance was demonstrated, variability in the relationship of EC50 values for tebuconazole and prothioconazole also suggests that multiple mechanisms influence B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolate responses to these two DMI fungicides.