Identification, Virulence and Fungicide Sensitivity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s.s. Responsible for Walnut Anthracnose Disease in China

Abstract

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an economically important woody nut and edible oil tree all over the world. However, walnut production is limited by walnut anthracnose, which is a disastrous disease that causes significant yield losses. Studying the etiology of anthracnose on walnut and the pathogens’ virulence and sensitivities to fungicides would be beneficial for effective control. This study was conducted to identify the pathogen of walnut anthracnose and reveal the population diversity of pathogens through virulence, sensitivities to fungicides, and genetic variation. A total of 13 single-spore Colletotrichum isolates were collected from walnut anthracnose-diseased fruits and leaves from 13 walnut commercial orchards in Henan, Hubei, Shandong, and Shaanxi provinces in China. The isolates were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto (s.s.) according to multilocus phylogenetic analyses (internal transcribed spacer, actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and chitin synthase), morphological as well as cultural characters, and pathogenicity. When the same walnut tissue was inoculated with different isolates, the disease lesion size was different. The results showed that the virulence of all isolates was considerably different, and the differences were not correlated with geographic origins. The virulence to walnut leaves and fruits inoculated with the same isolate was significantly different. Based on the virulence to walnut leaves and fruits, the 13 isolates were divided into three groups. Virulence of 69.2% of the isolates to walnut fruits was higher than that to leaves; 15.4% of isolates had no difference in pathogenicity, and the virulence to walnut leaves was higher for 15.4% of isolates. Tebuconazole, difenoconazole, flusilazole, and carbendazim inhibited the growth of fungal mycelia, and the concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50) values were 0.4 to 20.5, 0.6 to 2.6, 0.2 to 1.6, and 0.002 to 0.2 µg/ml, respectively, with average values of 6.5 ± 6.9, 1.5 ± 0.6, 0.9 ± 0.4, and 0.1 ± 0.05 µg/ml, respectively. All isolates were more sensitive to difenoconazole, flusilazole, and carbendazim than tebuconazole (P < 0.01). Isolate sensitivities to the same fungicide were different. Isolates SL-31 and TS-09 were the least sensitive to carbendazim and tebuconazole, respectively, and the resistance ratios were 87.3 and 51.6, respectively. Sensitivities to difenoconazole and flusilazole were largely consistent among all isolates, and the resistance ratios were from 1 to 4.6 and from 1 to 7, respectively. Therefore, difenoconazole and flusilazole could be chosen for disease control. The differences of pathogenicity and fungicide sensitivity were not correlated with geographic regions. These results indicated that there was high intraspecific diversity of populations in C. gloeosporioides s.s. that caused walnut anthracnose. For effective management, the targeted control strategy should be implemented based on the different geographic regions.