Biocontrol Efficacy of Bacillus methylotrophicus TA-1 Against Meloidogyne incognita in Tomato

Abstract

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are harmful plant-parasitic nematodes of tomatoes which can cause significant yield losses. Therefore, there is increasing interest in exploring the application of bacterial nematicides. The bacterium Bacillus methylotrophicus TA-1 is a broad-spectrum biological control agent; however, its effect on RKNs control remains largely unclear. In this study, the toxicity of B. methylotrophicus TA-1 against Meloidogyne incognita was investigated in vitro, and the potential of B. methylotrophicus TA-1 to decrease infection of RKNs in tomato were evaluated in pot and field trials. Results showed that B. methylotrophicus TA-1 exhibited high nematicidal activity against second-stage juveniles (J2s) and eggs of M. incognita with 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values of 5.80 and 7.00 × 108 colony forming units (CFU)/ml, respectively. In the pot experiments and field trials conducted in 2020 and 2021, tomato plants treated with B. methylotrophicus TA-1 soil drench applied once at 3, 6, and 9 × 108 CFU/plant had significantly higher plant height and greater yield compared with the untreated control. Tomato yields of the treated plots with B. methylotrophicus TA-1 in 2 consecutive years’ field trials were between 53.4 to 66.1 and 52.8 to 61.5 t/ha, while they were 49.7 and 48.2 t/ha in the untreated control for each year, respectively. The lowest population densities of M. incognita at 30 and 60 days after treatment were 119 and 135 J2s per 100 g soil in 2020 and 43 and 118 J2s in 2021 in TA-1-treated plots. The lowest gall index of 4.7 and 3.3 in 2020 and 2021, respectively, and the highest yield were all observed in the TA-1 at 9 × 108 CFU/plant treated plants, with no significant differences with the commercial control abamectin. These results provided a basis for further studies of B. methylotrophicus TA-1 formulations, application doses, frequencies, and mechanisms of action, which are necessary before it could be used as a component of integrated management programs to manage RKNs in tomato production.