First Report of Phomopsis Fruit Rot of Strawberry in Ohio

Abstract

During spring (May and June) 1999, ≈30% of the fruit in a 0.5-ha commercial planting of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa ‘Allstar’) was lost to an unknown fruit rot. The planting was established on black plastic (plasticulture) during summer 1998. Plasticulture is a relatively new system of perennial strawberry production in Ohio that is rapidly gaining popularity among growers (2). It was observed that the plastic beneath the plants in the plasticulture planting was covered with a layer of dead leaves from the previous season's growth, and virtually all rotted fruits were in contact with dead leaves. Fruit rot was rarely observed on fruits that were not in direct contact with dead leaves, and fruits of the same cultivar grown in the traditional matted-row system in an adjacent field did not show rot symptoms. It was postulated that infested dead leaf material could serve as an inoculum source for infection. Fruit rot symptoms were identical to those described for Phomopsis soft rot (1). Isolations were made from infected berries. Berries were soaked in 70% ethanol for 60 s, and tissue sections were placed on potato dextrose agar and incubated at room temperature (≈20 to 22°C). A fungus was isolated consistently from infected tissue. The fungus produced pycnidia in culture, and the fruiting structure and conidia conformed to the description of Phomopsis obscurans (Ellis & Everh.) Sutton (synamorph Dendrophoma obscurans (Ellis & Everh.) H.W. Anderson). Pathogenicity studies were conducted by placing one drop (20 μl) of a conidial suspension (9 × 106 conidia per ml) obtained from 2-week-old cultures on each of five ripe (red) and five immature (pink) detached strawberry fruits. Inoculated fruits were placed on screens in plastic moisture chambers. Five uninoculated fruits served as controls. Within 3 days, whitish lesions appeared on all inoculated fruit; within 8 days, the symptoms observed in the field were reproduced, and lesions were covered by pycnidia. No fruit rot developed on control fruit. The fungus was reisolated from infected fruit to complete Koch's postulates. Although the incidence of Phomopsis leaf blight is increasing in many Ohio strawberry plantings and is becoming a concern to growers, this is the first observation and report of Phomopsis fruit rot in Ohio. Unlike leaf blight, for which it is difficult to directly relate economic loss to disease incidence or severity, losses due to fruit rot can be high, as in this field. As the number of strawberry plantings under plasticulture continues to increase, the importance of Phomopsis leaf blight and fruit rot also may increase. References: (1) J. L. Maas, ed. 1998. Compendium of Strawberry Diseases, 2nd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (2) E. B. Poling. HortTechnology 3:384, 1993.