First Report of Pre- and Postemergence Damping-off of Cowpea Caused by Pythium ultimum in South Africa

Abstract

During a disease survey of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in Southern Africa in 1999, a major problem recorded by small-holder rural farmers in areas with wet soil types was reduced seedling emergence. Nongerminated, diseased seeds in these fields were either a brown blotchy color or had a soft rot and disintegrated upon touch. Germinated seedlings failing to emerge above the soil line were characterized by water-soaked lesions girdling the hypocotyl. Emerged seedlings had necrotic taproots and few lateral roots. Infected hypocotyls above the soil line had light brown lesions, and seedlings showed symptoms of wilting. Diseased seeds and seedlings were collected, surface-sterilized, plated on 2% water agar, and Pythium ultimum was isolated. Identification was based on characteristics given in van der Plaats-Niterink (1). Sterile soilbased compost, infested by mixing with P. ultimum mycelia (10 CFU/g of compost), was used to fill 104-cell plastic seedling trays (40 × 28 × 3.5 cm). A single cowpea seed was planted at a depth of 2 cm in each cell, and trays were maintained in a greenhouse at approximately 20°C. Seeds and seedlings showed symptoms identical to those in the field 10 days after planting, and the pathogen was successfully reisolated. Seedlings in noninoculated compost remained symptomless. This is the first report of P. ultimum on cowpea in South Africa. Reference: (1) A. J. van der Plaats-Niterink. Monograph of the Genus Pythium. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, 1981.