A Comparative Study of Household Solid Waste Regulations in Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou

Abstract

Since the "Reform and Opening-up" policy in 1978, China has experienced continued urbanization and population growth, contributing to a rapid increase in household solid waste (HSW) in many cities. China launched national HSW sorting regulations in 2017 and designated 46 pilot cities to explore replicable HSW sorting models to resolve this issue. This study compares local HSW sorting regulations in Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou from several dimensions to explore local interpretations of the national HSW sorting regulations and the implications for other cities in China. First, the study provides a brief historical background of HSW sorting regulations in China. Afterward, three HSW sorting models of Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou are investigated from eight dimensions: local legislations, local HSW classification standards, steps for implementation, penalty and rewards requirements, the use of social credit system, HSW sorting evaluation systems, responsibilities of local government to improve waste disposal facility, and civic engagement. Then, a comparison of the three models is conducted. The current study finds that although a top-down approach is dominant in the law-making process, the regulations and waste classification standards are different among the three cities. When implementing the regulations, the local governments vary in preparation, supervision, and sanitary measures according to local HSW sorting conditions. While penalty provisions are found in all three cities, reward stipulations are not. Civic engagement generally forms mutual supervision, obeying the regulations, and reporting violations. However, Guangzhou illustrates the possibility of participatory governance regarding civic engagement in HSW sorting regulations. A potential problem for the three models is the high administration cost. Therefore, alternatives should be explored to make it sustainable and economically efficient.