The Status and Development of Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an extremely familiar form of the dementia. After the age of 65, the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease increases significantly. However, because the pathogenesis of AD is insufficiently clear, intervention and treatment at an early stage is particularly critical. Since 2011, biomarkers have officially become the standard for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease. Potential biomarkers carry out a significant role in clinical, studies and other areas. Although the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), also the positron emission tomography (PET) are effectual in detecting neurodegenerative processes at an early clinical stage, they are widely unused in the clinic due to their high cost and invasiveness. Plasma biomarkers are expected to be a more convenient and inexpensive diagnostic modality. In this review, biomarkers based on individual pathological findings are summarized in three main categories: PET, CSF, and plasma. The paper outlines the development and application of biomarkers to date and mentions the challenges that still need to be addressed.