Why People Commit Crimes: Theoretical Explanations

Abstract

The reasons behind criminal behavior and the impacts on individual developmental outcomes are important research questions in the field of criminal psychology. Researchers often investigate the causes of individual criminal behavior by examining both individual characteristics and environmental factors. This study explores, from a theoretical perspective, why people engage in criminal activities. Four theories of human behavior seek to explain the decision-making process behind criminal actions. Among these, the rational choice theory stands out with its emphasis on cost-benefit analysis. This approach suggests that individuals commonly base their decisions on a weighing of potential costs and benefits. However, certain factors, like low self-control, can significantly disrupt one's ability to focus on the decision's elements, potentially causing an undue fixation on perceived benefits. Amidst the increasing complexity of human interactions, the social learning theory highlights the impact of delinquent individuals on the general populace. Factors such as media exposure, obedience to authority, and the loss of individual identity in group settings are shown to wield considerable influence. Delving into the intricacies of human personality and emotions, the trait-state approach zeroes in on individual disparities and adopts a dynamic perspective. Furthermore, contemporary law enforcement plays a significant role in maintaining public order, with punitive measures targeting offending conduct. This aligns with the deterrence theory's emphasis on the pivotal role of punishment and the perceived costs that individuals weigh when contemplating criminal acts.