Iris Koreana NAKAI Inhibits Osteoclast Formation via p38-Mediated Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells 1 Signaling Pathway

Abstract

Background: <i>Iris Koreana</i> NAKAI (IKN) is a flowering perennial plant that belongs to the Iridaceae family. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the effects of IKN on osteoclast differentiation <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. We also sought to verify the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-osteoclastogenic effects.Methods: Osteoclasts were formed by culturing mouse bone marrow macrophage (BMM) cells with macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). Bone resorption assays were performed on dentin slices. mRNA expression levels were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Western blotting was performed to detect protein expression or activation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoclast formation was performed using a mouse calvarial model.Results: In BMM cultures, an ethanol extract of the root part of IKN suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorptive activity. In contrast, an ethanol extract of the aerial parts of IKN had a minor effect on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. Mechanistically, the root part of IKN suppressed RANKL-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, effectively abrogating the induction of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) expression. IKN administration decreased LPS-induced osteoclast formation in a calvarial osteolysis model <i>in vivo</i>.Conclusions: Our study suggested that the ethanol extract of the root part of IKN suppressed osteoclast differentiation and function partly by downregulating the p38 MAPK/c-Fos/NFATc1 signaling pathways. Thus, the root part