Abstract
Abstract
Background
Reducing health outcomes disparities in Africa is a major concern for policymakers. Inter-country disparities in Africa is well documented. However, little is known about the accurate trajectory of these disparities over time. Thus, this paper investigates the convergence hypothesis in health outcomes in 40 African countries using data from the World Development Indicators. The study used panel data from 2000 to 2019.
Method
The study employs a nonlinear time-varying factor model to test the convergence hypothesis on infant mortality rate, under-five mortality, and life expectancy at birth. Then, we use the marginal effects of the ordered logit regression model to investigate the factors that explain club memberships.
Results
The findings showed the absence of overall convergence for the three variables of interest. However, we identified the presence of convergence clubs. Moreover, we observed substantial gaps between the estimated clubs. The marginal effect results reveal that real GDP per capita, population structure, urbanization, trade, access to basic sanitation, and external health expenditure are essential to club formation. In addition, DTP immunization and the general government health expenditure as a percentage of the general government expenditure (our Abuja Declaration instrument) also play a significant role in explaining the club membership.
Conclusion
The findings suggest that policymakers should develop and implement targeted club-specific health policies. Furthermore, interventions to promote increased immunization, particularly among children, should be encouraged. Governments should also make substantial efforts to increase the share of their national budget allocated to the health sector by at least 15 percent.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Reference34 articles.
1. World Health Organization. Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018: universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals in the WHO African Region. Brazzaville: WHO Regional Office for Africa; 2018.
2. UNICEF. Immunization Regional Snapshot 2019 West and Central Africa. 2019. https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Immunization-Profile-WCAR-2019.pdf.
3. Machingaidze S, Wiysonge CS, Hussey GD. Strengthening the Expanded Programme on Immunization in Africa: Looking beyond 2015. Plos Medecine. 2013;10:e1001405.
4. Kuruvilla S, et al. Success Factors for Reducing Maternal and Child Mortality. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2014.
5. World Health Organization. Public Financing for Health in Africa: from Abuja to the SDGs. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2016.