The impact of high-risk lifestyle factors on all-cause mortality in the US non-communicable disease population

Abstract

Abstract Background Previous studies have suggested that lifestyle factors are associated with mortality in different population. However, little is known about the impact of lifestyle factors on all-cause mortality in non-communicable disease (NCD) population. Methods This study included 10,111 NCD patients from the National Health Interview Survey. The potential high-risk lifestyle factors were defined as smoking, excessive drinking, abnormal body mass index, abnormal sleep duration, insufficient physical activity (PA), overlong sedentary behavior (SB), high dietary inflammatory index (DII) and low diet quality. Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the impact of the lifestyle factors and the combination on all-cause mortality. The interaction effects and all combinations of lifestyle factors were also analyzed. Results During 49,972 person-years of follow-up, 1040 deaths (10.3%) were identified. Among eight potential high-risk lifestyle factors, smoking (HR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.09–1.43), insufficient PA (HR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.61–2.14), overlong SB (HR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.17–1.51) and high DII (HR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.07–1.44) were risk factors for all-cause mortality in the multivariable Cox proportional regression. The risk of all-cause mortality was increased linearly as the high-risk lifestyle score increased (P for trend < 0.01). The interaction analysis showed that lifestyle had stronger impact on all-cause mortality among patients with higher education and income level. The combinations of lifestyle factors involving insufficient PA and overlong SB had stronger associations with all-cause mortality than those with same number of factors. Conclusion Smoking, PA, SB, DII and their combination had significant impact on all-cause mortality of NCD patients. The synergistic effects of these factors were observed, suggesting some combinations of high-risk lifestyle factor may be more harmful than others.