Author:
Ohara Hiromi,Ito Shigeaki,Takanami Yuichiro
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Exposure to harmful and potentially harmful constituents in cigarette smoke is a risk factor for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Tobacco products that could reduce exposure to these constituents have been developed. However, the long-term effects of their use on health remain unclear. The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study is a population-based study examining the health effects of smoking and cigarette smoking habits in the U.S. population. Participants include users of tobacco products, including electronic cigarettes and smokeless tobacco. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the population-wide effects of these products, using machine learning techniques and data from the PATH study.
Methods
Biomarkers of exposure (BoE) and potential harm (BoPH) in cigarette smokers and former smokers in wave 1 of PATH were used to create binary classification machine-learning models that classified participants as either current (BoE: N = 102, BoPH: N = 428) or former smokers (BoE: N = 102, BoPH: N = 428). Data on the BoE and BoPH of users of electronic cigarettes (BoE: N = 210, BoPH: N = 258) and smokeless tobacco (BoE: N = 206, BoPH: N = 242) were input into the models to investigate whether these product users were classified as current or former smokers. The disease status of individuals classified as either current or former smokers was investigated.
Results
The classification models for BoE and BoPH both had high model accuracy. More than 60% of participants who used either one of electronic cigarettes or smokeless tobacco were classified as former smokers in the classification model for BoE. Fewer than 15% of current smokers and dual users were classified as former smokers. A similar trend was found in the classification model for BoPH. Compared with those classified as former smokers, a higher percentage of those classified as current smokers had cardiovascular disease (9.9–10.9% vs. 6.3–6.4%) and respiratory diseases (19.4–22.2% vs. 14.2–16.7%).
Conclusions
Users of electronic cigarettes or smokeless tobacco are likely to be similar to former smokers in their biomarkers of exposure and potential harm. This suggests that using these products helps to reduce exposure to the harmful constituents of cigarettes, and they are potentially less harmful than conventional cigarettes.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Reference32 articles.
1. Ambrose JA, Barua RS. The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004 May;43(10):1731–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.047
2. Health Canada G. of C. Determination of ‘‘Tar’’, Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide in Mainstream Tobacco Smoke-Official Method. Ottawa, Canada: Health Canada (SOR-2000-272). Health Canada. 1999. Available from: https://healthycanadians.gc.ca/en/open-information/tobacco/t100/nicotine
3. Products C, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. for T. Reporting Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in Tobacco Products and Tobacco Smoke Under Sect. 904(a)(3) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 2020. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/reporting-harmful-and-potentially-harmful-constituents-tobacco-products-and-tobacco-smoke-under
4. Center for Tobacco Products. Established List of HPHCs in Tobacco Products and Tobacco Smoke. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2019. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/rules-regulations-and-guidance/harmful-and-potentially-harmful-constituents-tobacco-products-and-tobacco-smoke-established-list
5. Roethig HJ, Feng S, Liang Q, Liu J, Rees WA, Zedler BK. A 12-Month, Randomized, Controlled Study to Evaluate Exposure and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adult Smokers Switching From Conventional Cigarettes to a Second-Generation Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2008 May;48(5):580–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270008315316