Synergistic associations of antenatal care visits and iron-folic acid supplementation with low birth weight: a pooled analysis of national surveys from six south Asian countries

Abstract

Abstract Background The prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) has remained high (24.9%) in the South Asian region with a significant impact on newborn survival. This region bears nearly 40% of global burden of LBW. While antenatal care (ANC) and iron-folic acid supplementation independently have been considered effective for improving maternal and newborn outcomes, the evidence on the combined effect of these two supplements on LBW is lacking. This study aimed to examine the synergistic association of ANC and iron-folic acid supplementation on LBW in the South Asian region using pooled data from six South Asian countries. Methods Nationally representative surveys from Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Maldives, and Afghanistan were included in the study. Birth weight and the prevalence of LBW for singleton last-born children were reported using descriptive statistics. The association between LBW and ANC visits and the interaction between iron-folic acid consumption and ANC were examined using multiple logistic regression. Results The mean birth weight in the region was 2841.8 g with an LBW prevalence of 17.1%. Country-specific prevalence ranged from 11.4% in Nepal to 22.4% in Pakistan. Not attending ANC visits (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 1.34) and not consuming iron-folic acid (AOR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.21) were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of LBW. Furthermore, jointly, having < 4 ANC visits and < 180 days of iron-folic acid supplementation was associated with a higher likelihood (AOR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.36) of having LBW compared to those who had  ≥ 4 ANC visits and ≥ 180 days of iron-folic acid consumption after controlling for key confounding factors. Conclusions The current study provides important evidence on the synergy between ANC visits and iron-folic acid consumption during pregnancy to capitalize on the existing national maternal health programs in the South Asian region, including low-and middle-income countries for positive foetal outcomes.