Author:
Feng Ning,Ezechi Oliver,Uwandu Mabel,Abimbola Bowofoluwa Sharon,Vincent Grace Deborah,Idigbe Ifeoma,Okoli Leona Chika,Adesina Mary,Okwuzu Jane,Ahmed Rahaman Ademolu,Sokei Judith,Shaibu Joseph Ojonugwa,Momoh Abidemi Esther,Sowunmi Omowunmi,Labo-Popoola Olaoniye Habeebat,Sunday Mfon Victoria,Fayemi Janet,Udoh Hannah Mfon,Omidiji Mayokun,Ogundepo Oluwatobi,Ogbolu Victor,Ohihoin Greg,David Agatha,Nzeribe Emily,Olaleye Olufemi,Dong Xiao-ping,Onwuamah Chika Kingsley,
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the feasibility and performance of self-collected vaginal swab samples for HPV screening among women in Lagos, Nigeria.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was implemented from March to August 2020 among sexually active women. Study participants provided same-day paired vaginal swab samples. Medic-sampling and poster-directed self-sampling methods were used to collect the two samples per participant. A real-time PCR assay detected HPV 16, HPV 18, other-high-risk (OHR) HPV, and the human β-globin gene. The self-collected samples’ sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were determined against the medic-collected samples using the MedCalc Online Diagnostic Calculator.
Results
Of the 213 women aged 16 ~ 63-year-old recruited, 187 (88%) participants had concordant results, while 26 (12%) participants had discordant results. Among the 187 concordant results, 35 (19%) were HPV positive, 150 (80%) participants were HPV negative, and two (1%) were invalid. 18 (69%) out of the 26 discordant samples were invalid. The self-collected sample was invalid for 14 (54%) participants. Two (8%) medic-collected samples were invalid. Compared to the medic-collected sample, the self-collected sample was 89.80% (95% CI: 77.77 ~ 96.60%) sensitive and 98.21% (95% CI: 94.87 ~ 99.63%) specific, with an accuracy of 96.31% (95% CI: 92.87 ~ 98.40%). The mean age for HPV positive and negative participants were 39 and 40, respectively, with an ANOVA p-value of 0.3932. The stratification of HPV infection by the age group was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
Conclusions
With high accuracy of 96%, self-collected sampling is adequate when tested with real-time PCR and may increase the uptake of HPV testing. Though more self-collected samples were invalid than medic-collected samples, most likely due to poor collection, they could be identified for repeat testing. Future implementation can avoid this error with improved guidance and awareness.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
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