PDCL3 is a prognostic biomarker associated with immune infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract

Abstract Background Phosducin-like 3 (PDCL3) is a member of the photoreceptor family, characterized by a thioredoxin-like structural domain and evolutionary conservation. It plays roles in angiogenesis and apoptosis. Despite its significance, research on the biological role of PDCL3 in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) remains limited. This study aims to explore the prognostic value and potential mechanisms of PDCL3 in cancer, particularly in LIHC, through bioinformatics analysis. Methods RNA-seq data and corresponding clinical information for pan-cancer and LIHC were extracted from the TCGA database to analyze PDCL3 expression and survival prognosis. Differential expression of PDCL3 was analyzed using the HPA database. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed for PDCL3-associated genes. The relationship between PDCL3 expression and various immune cell types was examined using the TIMER website. Clinical samples were collected, and immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence experiments were conducted to validate the differential expression of PDCL3 in LIHC and normal tissues. In vitro assays, including CCK-8, wound healing, Transwell, and colony formation experiments, were employed to determine the biological functions of PDCL3 in LIHC cells. Results Analysis from TIMER, GEPIA, UALCAN, and HPA databases revealed differential expression of PDCL3 in various tumors. Prognostic analysis from GEPIA and TCGA databases indicated that high PDCL3 expression was associated with poorer clinical staging and prognosis in LIHC. Enrichment analysis of PDCL3-associated genes revealed its involvement in various immune responses. TCGA and TIMER databases showed that high PDCL3 expression in LIHC decreased tumor immune activity by reducing macrophage infiltration. PDCL3 exhibited positive correlations with multiple immune checkpoint genes. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) experiments confirmed elevated PDCL3 expression in LIHC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. In vitro experiments demonstrated that PDCL3 promoted LIHC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony-forming ability. Conclusion PDCL3 is highly expressed in various cancer types. Our study suggests that elevated PDCL3 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with poorer prognosis and may serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker for LIHC. PDCL3 may regulate the biological functions of LIHC by modulating immune infiltration. However, the precise regulatory mechanisms of PDCL3 in cancer warrant further investigation.