Author:
Gunadi ,Hakim Mohamad Saifudin,Wibawa Hendra,Vujira Khanza Adzkia,Puspitarani Dyah Ayu,Supriyati Endah,Trisnawati Ika,Iskandar Kristy,Khair Riat El,Afiahayati ,Siswanto ,Puspadewi Yunika,Irianingsih Sri Handayani,Nugrahaningsih Dwi Aris Agung,Eryvinka Laudria Stella,Utami Fadila Dyah Trie,Devana Edita Mayda,Aditama Lanang,Kinasih Nathania Christi Putri,Hediningsih Yekti,Ananda Nur Rahmi,Marcellus ,Arguni Eggi,Nuryastuti Titik,Wibawa Tri
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has replaced the previously dominant Delta variant because of high transmissibility. However, studies on the impact of the Omicron variant on the severity of COVID-19 are still limited in developing countries. Our study aimed to determine the prognostic factors for the outcomes of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants, including age, sex, comorbidities, and smoking.
Methods
In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we involved 352 patients with COVID-19 from Yogyakarta and Central Java provinces, Indonesia, from May 2021 to February 2022, consisting of 164 males and 188 females. We included all patients with the PCR’s Ct value of less than 30 for further whole-genome sequencing.
Results
Ct value and mean age of COVID-19 patients were not significantly different between both groups (p = 0.146 and 0.273, respectively). Patients infected with Omicron (n = 139) and Delta (n = 213) variants showed similar hospitalization (p = 0.396) and mortality rates (p = 0.565). Multivariate analysis of both groups showed that older age (≥ 65 years) had a higher risk for hospitalization (OR = 3.86 [95% CI = 1.29–11.5]; p = 0.015) and fatalities (OR = 3.91 [95% CI = 1.35–11.42]; p = 0.012). In both groups, patients with cardiovascular disease had a higher risk for hospitalization (OR = 5.36 [95% CI = 1.08–26.52]; p = 0.039), whereas patients with diabetes revealed a higher risk for fatalities (OR = 9.47 [95% CI = 3.23–27.01]; p = < 0.001).
Conclusions
Our study shows that patients infected with Omicron and Delta variants reveal similar clinical outcomes, including hospitalization and mortality. Our findings further confirm that older age, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes are substantial prognostic factors for the outcomes of COVID-19 patients. Our findings imply that COVID-19 patients with older age, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes should be treated comprehensively and cautiously to prevent further morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, incomplete data on vaccination status hampered us from analyzing further its impact on hospitalization and mortality in our patients.
Funder
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Genetics (clinical),Genetics
Reference38 articles.
1. Moustafa AM, Planet PJ. Jumping a moving train: SARS-CoV-2 evolution in Real Time. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc. 2021 Aug;9:piab051. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piab051. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34370041; PMCID: PMC8385893.
2. WHO. (World Health Organization). : Coronavirus Disease (COVID-2019) Situation Reports. https://www.who.int/wmergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/. Retrieved on April 4, 2020.
3. Ritchie H, Mathieu E, Rodés-Guirao L, Appel C, Giattino C, Ortiz-Ospina E et al. Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) [Online Resource]. Our World in Data. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus. 2020.
4. World Health Organization, Technical Advisory Group on SARS-CoV-2 Virus Evolution (TAG-VE). Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern. Statement. 2021.
5. Viana R, Moyo S, Amoako D, Tegally H, Scheepers C, Althaus C, et al. Rapid epidemic expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in southern Africa. Nature. 2022;603(7902):679–86.