Analysis of oxidative status, inflammatory cytokines, and Ascaris lumbricoides infection in women at a health district in Bamenda, Northwest, Cameroon

Abstract

Abstract Background Clinical outcomes of ascariasis, one of the most common parasitic infections, are remarkably variable ranging from asymptomatic infection to death. Ascariasis can pair absorption of fats, vitamin A, iodine, and lactose digestion and destroys the villi, with significant consequences in pregnancy outcomes, leading to growth retardation, and cognitive impairment, decreased work capacity, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. One of the crucial factors driving the clinical outcomes of ascariasis is the immune response and associated oxidative stress. This study therefore examined the prevalence of ascariasis and associated immune response dysfunction by measuring four inflammatory cytokines alongside with the oxidant and antioxidant biomarkers in women of reproductive age in a health center in Cameroon. Results Three-hundred and fifty-five women (pregnant and non-pregnant) were examined for the parasite. Because some participants did not donate blood and due to low volume of blood available, only 127 individuals (62 non-pregnant women and 65 pregnant women) were included for analysis of oxidative biomarkers, and 90 samples were used for the evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers (40 non-pregnant and 50 pregnant). The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was of 13.23%. Ascariasis was associated with high levels in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-12, IL-10, and TNF-α) and oxidative markers (TOS, OSI, MDA, and CAT) in both pregnant and non-pregnant women, while high level of NO was only seen in pregnant women. A significant relation was observed between some cytokines and oxidant markers: IL-10 and OSI and IL-12 and NO and between IL-1β and MDA in pregnant women, while in non-pregnant, significant relation was found between Il-10 and NO as well as IL-1β and OSI and NO. Principal component analysis (PCA) underlined a pro-inflammatory cytokine signature (with strongest contributions from IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α). PCA also highlighted an oxidative stress with strongest contributions from TOS, OSI, SOD, NO, and CAT in pregnant and from OSI, TOS, NO, CAT, and TAC in non-pregnant. Conclusion These findings demonstrate elevated cytokines (IL-1β, IL-12, IL-10, and TNF-α) and high oxidative stress imbalance, adding further evidence for the role of a pro-inflammatory cytokine signature of oxidative stress in women with A. lumbricoides.