Placental imprinting of SLC22A3 in the IGF2R imprinted domain is conserved in therian mammals

Abstract

Abstract Background The eutherian IGF2R imprinted domain is regulated by an antisense long non-coding RNA, Airn, which is expressed from a differentially methylated region (DMR) in mice. Airn silences two neighbouring genes, Solute carrier family 22 member 2 (Slc22a2) and Slc22a3, to establish the Igf2r imprinted domain in the mouse placenta. Marsupials also have an antisense non-coding RNA, ALID, expressed from a DMR, although the exact function of ALID is currently unknown. The eutherian IGF2R DMR is located in intron 2, while the marsupial IGF2R DMR is located in intron 12, but it is not yet known whether the adjacent genes SLC22A2 and/or SLC22A3 are also imprinted in the marsupial lineage. In this study, the imprinting status of marsupial SLC22A2 and SLC22A3 in the IGF2R imprinted domain in the chorio-vitelline placenta was examined in a marsupial, the tammar wallaby. Results In the tammar placenta, SLC22A3 but not SLC22A2 was imprinted. Tammar SLC22A3 imprinting was evident in placental tissues but not in the other tissues examined in this study. A putative promoter of SLC22A3 lacked DNA methylation, suggesting that this gene is not directly silenced by a DMR on its promoter as seen in the mouse. Based on immunofluorescence, we confirmed that the tammar SLC22A3 is localised in the endodermal cell layer of the tammar placenta where nutrient trafficking occurs. Conclusions Since SLC22A3 is imprinted in the tammar placenta, we conclude that this placental imprinting of SLC22A3 has been positively selected after the marsupial and eutherian split because of the differences in the DMR location. Since SLC22A3 is known to act as a transporter molecule for nutrient transfer in the eutherian placenta, we suggest it was strongly selected to control the balance between supply and demand of nutrients in marsupial as it does in eutherian placentas.