Abstract
Abstract
Background
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the health issues causing untoward low-grade systemic inflammation. Aerobic Training (AT) and Vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation are among the approaches that improve lipid profile and liver enzymes in T2DM. However, the mechanisms responsible for these improvements are not fully elucidated.
Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of AT and Vit D supplementation on lipid profile, liver enzymes, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Cluster of differentiation 27 (CD27), Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand 13 (CXCL13), Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 (TGF-β1) gene expressions in patients with T2DM.
Methods
In this study, 40 male T2DM patients aged 35–50 years were randomly selected and assigned into four groups (n = 10 for each); AT+vitamin D supplementation (AT+Vit D), AT+placebo (AT), Vit D supplementation (Vit D), and control+placebo (C). The intervention consisted of 8 weeks of 20–40 minutes AT protocol at 60–75% HRmax 3 sessions/week and taking 50,000 IU of Vit D supplement once a week. Serum levels of lipid profile and liver enzymes and gene expression of IL-6, IL-10, CD27, CXCL13, IFN-γ, and TGF-β1 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were measured. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s post hoc, and paired sample t-test at P-values less than 0.05 were used to analyze the data using SPSS software.
Results
AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D significantly decreased TC, TG, LDL, AST, ALT, and GGT while increased HDL after 8 weeks in favor of AT+Vit D. Also, gene expressions of IL-6, IL-10, CD27, CXCL13, IFN-γ, and TGF-β1 were downregulated significantly in AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D, while upregulated in C. Furthermore, compared to individual AT or Vit D, AT+Vit D significantly downregulated IL-6 (P = 0.013; P = 0.025), IL-10 (P = 0.012; P = 0.026), CD27 (P = 0.023; P = 0.041), CXCL13 (P = 0.014; P = 0.025), IFN-γ (P = 0.017; P = 0.026), and TGF-β1 (P = 0.001; P = 0.028).
Conclusion
In comparison to individual AT or Vit D, AT+Vit D may enhance lipid profile, and liver enzymes and drive the balance to favor inhibition of inflammation by downregulating gene expression of inflammation-related factors. As a result, AT+Vit D may be considered appropriate therapy for managing T2DM.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
General Medicine,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Reference53 articles.
1. Khademi Z, Imani E, Heidary Khormizi M, Poordad Khodaei A, Sarneyzadeh M, Nikparvar M. A Study on The Variation of Medicinal Plants Used for Controlling Blood Sugar and Causes of Self–Medication by Patients Referred to Bandarabbas Diabetic Center. J Diabetes Nurs. 2013;1(1):12–20.
2. Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, Regensteiner JG, Blissmer BJ, Rubin RR, et al. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):e147–67.
3. Ghalavand A, Shakeriyan S, Monazamnezhad A, Dadvar N, Heidarnezhad M, Delaramnasab M. The effects of aerobic training on blood glycemic control and plasma lipid profile in men with type 2 diabetes. Sylwan. 2014;158(6):1–10.
4. Abd El-Kader SM, Al-Shreef FM. Inflammatory cytokines and immune system modulation by aerobic versus resisted exercise training for elderly. Afr Health Sci. 2018;18(1):120–31.
5. Nikniaz L, Ghojazadeh M, Nateghian H, Nikniaz Z, Farhangi MA, Pourmanaf H. The interaction effect of aerobic exercise and vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory factors, anti-inflammatory proteins, and lung function in male smokers: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2021;13(1):1–8.