The causal relationship between COVID-19 and seventeen common digestive diseases: a two-sample, multivariable Mendelian randomization study

Abstract

Abstract Objectives In clinical practice, digestive symptoms such as nausea, vomiting are frequently observed in COVID-19 patients. However, the causal relationship between COVID-19 and digestive diseases remains unclear. Methods We extracted single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the severity of COVID-19 from summary data of genome-wide association studies. Summary statistics of common digestive diseases were primarily obtained from the UK Biobank study and the FinnGen study. Two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses were then conducted using the inverse variance-weighted (IVW), Mendelian randomization-Egger regression (MR Egger), weighted median estimation, weighted mode, and simple mode methods. IVW served as the primary analysis method, and Multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis was employed to explore the mediating effect of body mass index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes. Results MR analysis showed that a causal association between SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.01–1.18, P = 0.03), severe COVID-19 (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.04, P = 0.02), and COVID-19 hospitalization (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.06, P = 0.01) with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Mediation analysis indicated that body mass index (BMI) served as the primary mediating variable in the causal relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and GERD, with BMI mediating 36% (95% CI 20–53%) of the effect. Conclusions We found a causal relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Furthermore, we found that the causal relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and GERD is mainly mediated by BMI.