Large-scale analysis of sheep rumen metagenome profiles captured by reduced representation sequencing reveals individual profiles are influenced by the environment and genetics of the host

Author:

Hess Melanie K.,Hodgkinson Hannah E.,Hess Andrew S.,Zetouni Larissa,Budel Juliana C. C.,Henry Hannah,Donaldson Alistair,Bilton Timothy P.,van Stijn Tracey C.,Kirk Michelle R.,Dodds Ken G.,Brauning Rudiger,McCulloch Alan F.,Hickey Sharon M.,Johnson Patricia L.,Jonker Arjan,Morton Nickolas,Hendy Shaun,Oddy V. Hutton,Janssen Peter H.,McEwan John C.,Rowe Suzanne J.

Abstract

Abstract Background Producing animal protein while reducing the animal’s impact on the environment, e.g., through improved feed efficiency and lowered methane emissions, has gained interest in recent years. Genetic selection is one possible path to reduce the environmental impact of livestock production, but these traits are difficult and expensive to measure on many animals. The rumen microbiome may serve as a proxy for these traits due to its role in feed digestion. Restriction enzyme-reduced representation sequencing (RE-RRS) is a high-throughput and cost-effective approach to rumen metagenome profiling, but the systematic (e.g., sequencing) and biological factors influencing the resulting reference based (RB) and reference free (RF) profiles need to be explored before widespread industry adoption is possible. Results Metagenome profiles were generated by RE-RRS of 4,479 rumen samples collected from 1,708 sheep, and assigned to eight groups based on diet, age, time off feed, and country (New Zealand or Australia) at the time of sample collection. Systematic effects were found to have minimal influence on metagenome profiles. Diet was a major driver of differences between samples, followed by time off feed, then age of the sheep. The RF approach resulted in more reads being assigned per sample and afforded greater resolution when distinguishing between groups than the RB approach. Normalizing relative abundances within the sampling Cohort abolished structures related to age, diet, and time off feed, allowing a clear signal based on methane emissions to be elucidated. Genus-level abundances of rumen microbes showed low-to-moderate heritability and repeatability and were consistent between diets. Conclusions Variation in rumen metagenomic profiles was influenced by diet, age, time off feed and genetics. Not accounting for environmental factors may limit the ability to associate the profile with traits of interest. However, these differences can be accounted for by adjusting for Cohort effects, revealing robust biological signals. The abundances of some genera were consistently heritable and repeatable across different environments, suggesting that metagenomic profiles could be used to predict an individual’s future performance, or performance of its offspring, in a range of environments. These results highlight the potential of using rumen metagenomic profiles for selection purposes in a practical, agricultural setting.

Funder

Livestock Research Group of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gasses

AgResearch

Meat and Livestock Australia and the Australian Commonwealth Government

Beef and Lamb New Zealand Genetics

New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre

Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium

Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Subject

Genetics,Biotechnology

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