The risk of perchlorate and iodine on the incidence of thyroid tumors and nodular goiter: a case-control study in southeastern China
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Published:2022-01-04
Issue:1
Volume:21
Page:
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ISSN:1476-069X
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Container-title:Environmental Health
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Environ Health
Author:
Wang Huirong, Jiang Yousheng, Song Jiayi, Liang Huiwen, Liu Yuan, Huang Jiewu, Yin Pengliang, Wu Dongting, Zhang Hang, Liu Xinjie, Zhou Dongxian, Wei Wei, Lei Lin, Peng Ji, Zhang JianqingORCID
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The incidence rates of thyroid tumors and nodular goiter show an upward trend worldwide. There are limited reports on the risk of perchlorate and iodine on thyroid tumors, but evidence from population studies is scarce, and their impact on thyroid function is still uncertain. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the association of perchlorate and iodine with the risk of nodular goiter (NG), papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and to assess the correlation between perchlorate and iodine with thyroid function indicators.
Methods
A case–control population consisting of 184 pairs of thyroid tumors and nodular goiter matched by gender and age (±2 years) was recruited in this study. Serum and urine samples were collected from each participant. Thyroid function indicators in serum were tested by automatic chemical immunofluorescence, and perchlorate and iodine levels in urine were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, respectively. Conditional logistic regressions and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the associations.
Results
Urinary perchlorate concentration was significantly higher in total cases, NG and PTC than in the corresponding controls (P < 0.05). Perchlorate was positively associated with PTC (OR = 1.058, 95% CI: 1.009, 1.110) in a non-linear dose–response relationship, but there was no association between perchlorate and NG or PTMC. Iodine was not associated with the risk of thyroid tumors and NG and did not correlate with the thyroid function indicators. Furthermore, perchlorate showed a positive correlation with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) at iodine adequate levels (P < 0.05), and a negative correlation with free triiodothyronine (FT3) and a positive correlation with thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) at iodine more than adequate or excess levels (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
Perchlorate can increase the risk of PTC in a non-linear dose–response relationship and disturb the thyroid hormone homeostasis and thyroid autoantibody levels.
Funder
National Key Research and Development Program of China National Natural Science Foundation of China Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen Shenzhen Key Medical Discipline Construction Fund
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
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