Differences of SOC storage and stability between soil layers influenced by long-term fertilization in a typical paddy soil of Southern China

Abstract

Abstract Background The contribution of long-term fertilization to soil organic carbon (SOC) storage has been of great concern. To assess the effects of long-term fertilization on SOC storage and stability in top and sub-soil layers, soil samples were collected from a 29-year field experimental station in a typical paddy soil in southern China. The SOC storage of whole soil and SOC fractions was quantified at three soil depths (0–20, 20–40, 40–60 cm) under four treatments: no fertilization (Control), a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), double the rates of NPK (2NPK), NPK plus manure (NPKM). Results The increase of Cinput-total was significantly higher than that of SOC storage among different treatments (p < 0.05), indicating that soil fixation of exogenous carbon is limited. Besides, the SOC accumulation and sequestration rates patterned as NPKM > 2NPK > NPK, and these rates were higher at 0–20 cm depth as compared to other depth intervals. Furthermore, for the whole profile, the SOC storage of active pool was higher in the Control (39.6 t C ha−1) than in other treatment (36.2 t C ha−1, p < 0.05). Whereas, fertilization increased the SOC storage of passive pool, ranked as NPKM > 2NPK≈NPK > Control (p < 0.05), indicating that fertilization, especially organic combined with inorganic fertilization, improved SOC stability. From the perspective of soil layers, the difference of SOC storage among treatments for passive pool was mainly resulted from the difference at surface soil, and for active pool were the deeper layers. Additionally, manure application increased the difference among soil layers. Conclusion This study concluded that non-fertilized treatment could improve the SOC storage of active pool especially in deep soil layers, while fertilization especially manure application could improve the SOC storage and stability in surface soil and increased the difference among soil layers. Graphical Abstract