The cumulative impact of social determinants of health factors on mortality in adults with diabetes and chronic kidney disease

Abstract

Abstract Background A growing body of evidence supports the potential role of social determinants of health on health outcomes. However, few studies have examined the cumulative effect of social determinants of health on health outcomes in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with or without diabetes. This study examined the cumulative impact of social determinants of health on mortality in U.S. adults with CKD and diabetes. Methods We analyzed data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2005–2014) for 1376 adults age 20 and older (representing 7,579,967 U.S. adults) with CKD and diabetes. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. CKD was based on estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria. Diabetes was based on self-report or Hemoglobin A1c of ≥6.5%. Social determinants of health measures included family income to poverty ratio level, depression based on PHQ-9 score and food insecurity based on Food Security Survey Module. A dichotomous social determinant measure (absence vs presence of ≥1 adverse social determinants) and a cumulative social determinant score ranging from 0 to 3 was constructed based on all three measures. Cox proportional models were used to estimate the association between social determinants of health factors and mortality while controlling for covariates. Results Cumulative and dichotomous social determinants of health score were significantly associated with mortality after adjusting for demographics, lifestyle variables, glycemic control and comorbidities (HR = 1.41, 95%CI 1.18–1.68 and HR = 1.41, 95%CI 1.08–1.84, respectively). When investigating social determinants of health variables separately, after adjusting for covariates, depression (HR = 1.52, 95%CI 1.10–1.83) was significantly and independently associated with mortality, however, poverty and food insecurity were not statistically significant. Conclusions Specific social determinants of health factors such as depression increase mortality in adults with chronic kidney disease and diabetes. Our findings suggest that interventions are needed to address adverse determinants of health in this population.