A warning system for urolithiasis via retrograde intrarenal surgery using machine learning: an experimental study

Abstract

Abstract Background To develop a warning system that can prevent or minimize laser exposure resulting in kidney and ureter damage during retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for urolithiasis. Our study builds on the hypothesis that shock waves of different degrees are delivered to the hand of the surgeon depending on whether the laser hits the stone or tissue. Methods A surgical environment was simulated for RIRS by filling the body of a raw whole chicken with water and stones from the human body. We developed an acceleration measurement system that recorded the power signal data for a number of hours, yielding distinguishable characteristics among three different states (idle state, stones, and tissue–laser interface) by conducting fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis. A discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was used for feature extraction, and a random forest classification algorithm was applied to classify the current state of the laser-tissue interface. Results The result of the FFT showed that the magnitude spectrum is different within the frequency range of < 2500 Hz, indicating that the different states are distinguishable. Each recorded signal was cut in only 0.5-s increments and transformed using the DWT. The transformed data were entered into a random forest classifier to train the model. The test result was only measured with the dataset that was isolated from the training dataset. The maximum average test accuracy was > 95%. The procedure was repeated with random signal dummy data, resulting in an average accuracy of 33.33% and proving that the proposed method caused no bias. Conclusions Our monitoring system receives the shockwave signals generated from the RIRS urolithiasis treatment procedure and generates the laser irradiance status by rapidly recognizing (in 0.5 s) the current laser exposure state with high accuracy (95%). We postulate that this can significantly minimize surgeon error during RIRS.