Seasonal variation of two floral patterns in Clematis ‘Vyvyan Pennell’ and its underlying mechanism

Abstract

Abstract Background Floral patterns are crucial for insect pollination and plant reproduction. Generally, once these patterns are established, they exhibit minimal changes under natural circumstances. However, the Clematis cultivar’ Vyvyan Pennell’, the apetalous lineage in the Ranunculaceae family, produces two distinct types of flowers during different seasons. The regulatory mechanism responsible for this phenomenon remains largely unknown. In this study, we aim to shed light on this floral development with shifting seasonal patterns by conducting extensive morphological, transcriptomic, and hormone metabolic analyses. Our findings are anticipated to contribute valuable insights into the diversity of flowers in the Ranunculaceae family. Results The morphological analysis revealed that the presence of extra petaloid structures in the spring double perianth was a result of the transformation of stamens covered with trichomes during the 5th developmental stage. A de novo reference transcriptome was constructed by comparing buds and organs within double and single perianth from both seasons. A total of 209,056 unigenes were assembled, and 5826 genes were successfully annotated in all six databases. Among the 69,888 differentially expressed genes from the comparative analysis, 48 genes of utmost significance were identified. These critical genes are associated with various aspects of floral development. Interestingly, the A-, B-, and C-class genes exhibited a wider range of expression and were distinct within two seasons. The determination of floral organ identity was attributed to the collaborative functioning of all the three classes genes, aligning with a modified “fading border model”. The phytohormones GA3, salicylic acid, and trans-zeatin riboside may affect the formation of the spring double perianth, whereas GA7 and abscisic acid may affect single flowers in autumn. Conclusions We presumed that the varying temperatures between the two seasons served as the primary factor in the alteration of floral patterns, potentially affecting the levels of plant hormones and expressions of organ identity genes. However, a more thorough investigation is necessary to fully comprehend the entire regulatory network. Nonetheless, our study provides some valuable informations for understanding the underlying mechanism of floral pattern alterations in Clematis.