Iron deficiency in healthy, term infants aged five months, in a pediatric outpatient clinic: a prospective study

Abstract

Abstract Background Iron deficiency (ID) is prevalent in Malaysian children. The incidence of ID in infants under 6 months of age is unknown. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in healthy, term infants aged below 6 months in our hospital population. Methods A prospective longitudinal pilot study of mother-infant pairs was conducted on infants receiving routine immunizations in a mother and child clinic at a university hospital, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Mothers completed standardized questionnaires at 3- and 5-month postnatal visits. Maternal and infant full blood count, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured at 3 months and for the infants repeated at 5 months. Infant anthropometric measurements were obtained at both visits. We conducted a univariate analysis to identify factors associated with ID and IDA. Results Altogether, 91 mother-infant pairs were enrolled, with 88 completing the study. No infant had ID or IDA at 3 months; the lowest ferritin level was 16.6 µg/L. At 5 months, 5.9% (5/85) of infants had ID, and 2.4% (2/85) had IDA. Median (interquartile range) infant ferritin levels significantly declined from 113.4 (65.0–183.6) µg/L at 3 months to 50.9 (29.2–70.4) µg/L at 5 months, p < 0.001. Exclusive breastfeeding until 3 or 5 months was significantly associated with ID at 5 months (p = 0.020, and p = 0.008, respectively) on univariate analysis. The drop in ferritin between 3–5 months was significantly associated with weight and length gains between 0–3 months (p = 0.018, p = 0.009, respectively). Altogether, 14.3% of infants exclusively breastfed until 5 months developed ID. At 5 months, 3.4% of infants were underweight, 1.1% stunted, and 10.2% wasted. Conclusions In exclusively breastfed term infants, ID occurred by 5 months. Early introduction of iron-rich foods should be considered in exclusively breastfed babies. A high prevalence of wasting suggests a calorie deficit in this population and will lead to stunting if not addressed.