Clinical characteristics and management of autoimmune enteropathy in children: case reports and literature review

Abstract

Summary Background Autoimmune enteropathy (AIE) defined by intractable diarrhoea and nonceliac enteropathy with villous atrophy, is a rare digestive disease. Case reports of this disease are sporadic and the clinical characteristics of AIE is seldom discussed. Purpose We evaluate the clinical, laboratory, histopathological features, response to therapy and outcome of AIE in children. Method We conducted a retrospective analysis of five children with AIE in our hospital. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE was performed using PubMed, through keywords of “autoimmune enteropathy, pediatric or children”. The clinical manifestations, endoscopic results, pathological results, and medication therapy of these children were collected and the cases were divided into two groups, infants (≤ 1 year old) and children (> 1 year old). Results Five cases treated in our department: one case took eight years to make the final diagnosis; one case was positive for anti-intestinal epithelial cell (AE) antibody; three cases showed crypt apoptosis in histopathology; and two cases showed celiac-like changes. All cases were responsive to glucocorticoid therapy in the early stage of treatment, while three cases required immunosuppressant maintenance. After reviewing the literature, we performed a statistical analysis of 50 cases with a male-to-female ratio of 31:19. Among them, 35 patients (70%) were within 1 year of age, and their clinical manifestations were mainly watery stool (43 cases, 86%), weight loss (28 cases, 56%), abdominal distension (3 cases, 6%), serum AE or anti-goblet cell (AG) antibody positivity (32 cases, 64%), other immune-related antibodies (21 cases, 42%), gene mutations (9 cases, 18%), and family history (21 cases, 42%). All the children showed different degrees of intestinal villous atrophy. Thirty-seven (74%) of the children were treated early, and their clinical symptoms were relieved. Comparing the cases between different age groups, it was found that the mortality rate of children with onset in infancy was higher (P < 0.05), and there was no difference in other autoimmune diseases, AE antibody positivity rates, and other antibodies between the two groups. In addition to survival rate between different age group (P = 0. 005), there was no difference in sex, autoantibody positivity rate, single gene mutation, or family history between the two groups (P > 0.05) through analysis of mortality and clinical remission cases. Conclusion Endoscopic examination and mucosal pathological examination should be performed to diagnose AIE in children with watery stool and weight loss who fail to be treated with diet therapy. Immunotherapy is the core of medical management of AIE and can improve prognosis. Children with a poor prognosis in infancy should be actively treated to reduce mortality rates associated with AIE.