Lessons learned from annotation of VAERS reports on adverse events following influenza vaccination and related to Guillain-Barré syndrome

Abstract

Abstract Background Vaccine Adverse Events ReportingSystem (VAERS) is a promising resource of tracking adverse events following immunization. Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) terminology used for coding adverse events in VAERS reports has several limitations. We focus on developing an automated system for semantic extraction of adverse events following vaccination and their temporal relationships for a better understanding of VAERS data and its integration into other applications. The aim of the present studyis to summarize the lessons learned during the initial phase of this project in annotating adverse events following influenza vaccination and related to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). We emphasize on identifying the limitations of VAERS and MedDRA. Results We collected 282 VAERS reports documented between 1990 and 2016 and shortlisted those with at least 1,100 characters in the report. We used a subset of 50 reports for the preliminary investigation and annotated all adverse events following influenza vaccination by mapping to representative MedDRA terms. Associated time expressions were annotated when available. We used 16 System Organ Class (SOC) level MedDRA terms to map GBS related adverse events and expanded some SOC terms to Lowest Level Terms (LLT) for granular representation. We annotated three broad categories of events such as problems, clinical investigations, and treatments/procedures. The inter-annotator agreement of events achieved was 86%. Incomplete reports, typographical errors, lack of clarity and coherence, repeated texts, unavailability of associated temporal information, difficulty to interpret due to incorrect grammar, use of generalized terms to describe adverse events / symptoms, uncommon abbreviations, difficulty annotating multiple events with a conjunction / common phrase, irrelevant historical events and coexisting events were some of the challenges encountered. Some of the limitations we noted are in agreement with previous reports. Conclusions We reported the challenges encountered and lessons learned during annotation of adverse events in VAERS reports following influenza vaccination and related to GBS. Though the challenges may be due to the inevitable limitations of public reporting systems and widely reported limitations of MedDRA, we emphasize the need to understand these limitations and extraction of other supportive information for a better understanding of adverse events following vaccination.