Author:
Glaviano Antonino,Foo Aaron S. C.,Lam Hiu Y.,Yap Kenneth C. H.,Jacot William,Jones Robert H.,Eng Huiyan,Nair Madhumathy G.,Makvandi Pooyan,Geoerger Birgit,Kulke Matthew H.,Baird Richard D.,Prabhu Jyothi S.,Carbone Daniela,Pecoraro Camilla,Teh Daniel B. L.,Sethi Gautam,Cavalieri Vincenzo,Lin Kevin H.,Javidi-Sharifi Nathalie R.,Toska Eneda,Davids Matthew S.,Brown Jennifer R.,Diana Patrizia,Stebbing Justin,Fruman David A.,Kumar Alan P.
Abstract
AbstractThe PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathway is a highly conserved signal transduction network in eukaryotic cells that promotes cell survival, cell growth, and cell cycle progression. Growth factor signalling to transcription factors in the PAM axis is highly regulated by multiple cross-interactions with several other signaling pathways, and dysregulation of signal transduction can predispose to cancer development. The PAM axis is the most frequently activated signaling pathway in human cancer and is often implicated in resistance to anticancer therapies. Dysfunction of components of this pathway such as hyperactivity of PI3K, loss of function of PTEN, and gain-of-function of AKT, are notorious drivers of treatment resistance and disease progression in cancer. In this review we highlight the major dysregulations in the PAM signaling pathway in cancer, and discuss the results of PI3K, AKT and mTOR inhibitors as monotherapy and in co-administation with other antineoplastic agents in clinical trials as a strategy for overcoming treatment resistance. Finally, the major mechanisms of resistance to PAM signaling targeted therapies, including PAM signaling in immunology and immunotherapies are also discussed.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Cancer Research,Oncology,Molecular Medicine
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