Author:
Ramos-Zaldívar Héctor M.,Polakovicova Iva,Salas-Huenuleo Edison,Corvalán Alejandro H.,Kogan Marcelo J.,Yefi Claudia P.,Andia Marcelo E.
Abstract
AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles naturally released from cells that are delimited by a lipid bilayer and are unable to replicate. How the EVs cross the Blood–Brain barrier (BBB) in a bidirectional manner between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma remains poorly understood. Most in vitro models that have evaluated this event have relied on monolayer transwell or microfluidic organ-on-a-chip techniques that do not account for the combined effect of all cellular layers that constitute the BBB at different sites of the Central Nervous System. There has not been direct transcytosis visualization through the BBB in mammals in vivo, and evidence comes from in vivo experiments in zebrafish. Literature is scarce on this topic, and techniques describing the mechanisms of EVs motion through the BBB are inconsistent. This review will focus on in vitro and in vivo methodologies used to evaluate EVs transcytosis, how EVs overcome this fundamental structure, and discuss potential methodological approaches for future analyses to clarify these issues. Understanding how EVs cross the BBB will be essential for their future use as vehicles in pharmacology and therapeutics.
Funder
ANID BECAS/DOCTORADO NACIONAL
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico
CONICYT-FONDAP
ANID – Millennium Science Initiative Program
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience,Developmental Neuroscience,Neurology,General Medicine
Cited by
88 articles.
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