Author:
Zhang Luoli,Zeng Li,Ye Yuhao,Zhang Zhe,Liu Fang,Xian Yiyong,Shen Yang,Sun Ling,Xu Ye,Zheng Ke,Zhou Xingtao,Zhao Jing
Abstract
Abstract
Background
To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of refractive astigmatism (RA) and corneal astigmatism (CA) in preschool children and school-aged children in Shanghai, China.
Methods
In this school-based, cross-sectional study, 4–15 years old children across three learning stages of kindergarten, primary school, and junior high school underwent noncycloplegic autorefraction and completed comprehensive questionnaires involving time spent on daily homework and outdoor activities. Data from the right eyes were analysed.
Results
Overall, 7084 children (mean ± standard deviation (SD) of age: 8.08 ± 3.11 years) were included, and the prevalence rates of RA/CA ( ≤ − 1.0 D) in children were 15.8%/64% in kindergartens, 16.5%/65% in primary schools, and 32.8%/76.9% in junior high schools. The magnitude and prevalence of RA and CA all increased with age or with learning stage (all P < 0.001). The presence of RA was associated with more myopic spherical power (odds ratio (OR) 0.956, P = 0.021), junior high school (OR 1.973, P < 0.001), longer homework time on weekdays (OR 1.074, P = 0.029), and shorter outdoor activity time on weekends (odds ratio 0.929, P = 0.013).
Conclusion
In the wide age range of 4 to 15 years, the magnitude and prevalence of RA and CA increased with the learning stage, and these increases mainly began at the primary school stage. Factors, including longer homework time and shorter outdoor time were correlated with the presence of RA.
Funder
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care
Project of Shanghai Science and Technology
Clinical Research Plan of SHDC
Project of Shanghai Xuhui District Science and Technology
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Healthy Young Talents Project of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Ophthalmology,General Medicine