Abstract
Abstract
Background
Although Chlamydia sp. causes widespread disease outbreaks in juvenile crocodiles in Thailand, data regarding the epidemiology, and risk factors of such infections are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and possible risk factors associated with Chlamydia sp. infections on Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) farms in Thailand. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2019. Samples were collected from 40 farms across six regions in Thailand. Conjunctival, pharyngeal, and cloacal swab samples were analyzed for Chlamydiaceae nucleic acids using semi-nested PCR followed by phylogenetic analysis based on the ompA gene fragment. Risk factors of infection were analyzed using chi-square and univariate regression to calculate odds ratios.
Results
The prevalence of Chlamydia sp. infection across all regions was 65%. The ompA phylogenetic analysis showed that Chlamydia sp. detected in this study was genetically closely related to Chlamydia crocodili and Chlamydia caviae. The risk factors for infection were water source, reusing treated wastewater from the treatment pond, not disposing of leftover food, low frequency of water replacement in the enclosure of juvenile crocodiles, and lack of water replacement after the death of a crocodile.
Conclusion
The prevalence of Chlamydia sp. infection in farmed crocodiles in Thailand was 65% during the study period. Cloacal swabs were superior to conjunctival and pharyngeal swabs due to their higher sensitivity in detecting Chlamydia sp., as well as their lower invasiveness. Good management and biosecurity in crocodile farming can reduce the risk of Chlamydia sp. infection.
Funder
Thailand Agricultural research development agency
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
General Veterinary,General Medicine
Reference23 articles.
1. Department of Fisheries. Thailand preparing to downlist CITES appendix of Siamese crocodile from appendix 1 to appendix 2 in CITES CoP19 after the approval of the cabinet. 2022. https://www4.fisheries.go.th/local/file_document/20220711114826_1_file.pdf. Accessed 22 Oct 2022.
2. Sariya L, Kladmanee K, Bhusri B, Thaijongrak P, Tonchiangsai K, Chaichoun K, Ratanakorn P. Molecular evidence for genetic distinctions between Chlamydiaceae detected in Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) and known Chlamydiaceae species. Jpn J Vet Res. 2015;63:5–14.
3. Inchuai R, Sukon P, Weerakhun S. Molecular detection of Chlamydia spp. and risk factors in farmed Siamese crocodile in the mid-northeastern provincial cluster of Thailand. Vet Integr Sci. 2022;20:231–45.
4. Knittler MR, Sachse K. Chlamydia psittaci: update on an underestimated zoonotic agent. Pathog Dis. 2015;73:1–15.
5. Conley KJ, Shilton CM. Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2018. p. 855–70.