Secondary traumatic stress in working nurses studying part time in a bachelor or Master’s nursing program in Croatia: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Abstract Background Nurses are more likely to be exposed to human suffering than other healthcare professionals. Persons exposed to indirect trauma can experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, symptoms of avoidance, arousal and intrusion. Secondary traumatic stress (STS) occurs when a person hears about the firsthand traumatic experiences of another. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of STS among working nurses enrolled at a university nursing program. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses working in healthcare enrolled in university bachelor’s or Master’s nursing studies at the Catholic University of Croatia in November 2017. Data were collected using the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS) and two items from the World Health Organization quality of life brief version (WHOQOL-BREF). Results The study included 151 students; the response rate was 70%. The mean STS score was 38, indicating that the students on average suffered from moderate STS. Half of participating nurses met the criteria for STS. Working nurses enrolled in Master’s studies had lower STS scores than those enrolled into bachelor studies (t = 4.14, df = 149, p < 0.01). The level of STS had a negative correlation with participants’ quality of life assessment (r=-0.392, p < 0.01) and satisfaction with their health (r=-0.387, p < 0.01). We also found a significant positive correlation between subjective assessment of quality of life and satisfaction with personal health (r = 0.432, p < 0.01). We did not find a significant association between the level of STS and sex (r=-0.094) or years of nursing work experience (r=-0.069). Level of STS varied depending on the participants’ workplace, years of experience in that workplace and their work shifts. The highest levels of STS were seen in nurses working in the internal medicine department, those with 10–14 years of work experience in the current workplace, and those who work block shifts (12-hr shift followed by 24-hour shift). Conclusion Over half of working nurses attending university studies had at least moderate STS. Furthermore, STS was negatively associated with participants’ perception of quality of life and satisfaction with their health. Prevention and alleviation interventions could reduce the burden of STS among nurses.