Association between physical activity, peak expiratory flow, and cognitive function in aging: a cross-sectional analysis

Abstract

Abstract Background The aging global population is experiencing escalating challenges related to cognitive deficits and dementia. This study explored the interplay between pulmonary function, physical activity, and cognitive function in older U.S. adults to identify modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline. Methods Utilizing NHANES 2011–2012 data, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 729 participants aged ≥ 60 years. Cognitive function, peak expiratory flow (PEF), and physical activity were assessed. Weighted logistic regression and mediation analyses were employed to examine associations. Results The sample size was 729 (weighted mean [SD] age, 67.1 [5.3] years; 53.6% female participants). Preliminary correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between the global cognitive score and physical activity (β = 0.16; p < 0.001), recreational activity (β = 0.22; p < 0.001), and PEF in percent predicted (PEF%) (β = 0.18; p < 0.001). Compared to those with a PEF% >100%, the PEF% (80-100%) group (OR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.34–5.29; p = 0.005) and PEF% <80% group (OR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.67–6.76; p = 0.001) were significantly associated with higher cognitive deficits risk. Recreational activity meeting guidelines was linked to a lower risk of cognitive deficits (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.10–0.57; p = 0.001). Mediation analysis demonstrated that PEF mediates the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function. Conclusion This study revealed significant associations between lower PEF, diminished physical activity, and increased cognitive deficits in elderly individuals. The results supported the hypothesis that pulmonary function may mediate the connection between activity and cognitive health, emphasizing the importance of respiratory health in cognitive aging. Recognizing these associations is crucial for clinical care and public health policy aiming to mitigate cognitive decline in aging populations. While these findings are intriguing, validation through longitudinal design studies is deemed necessary.