Metabolic health is more strongly associated with the severity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 than obesity

Abstract

Abstract Background Obesity has been suggested to be associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, it is unclear whether obesity or metabolic abnormalities accompanied by obesity have a stronger association with COVID-19 risk. Methods This study used the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency database, which includes information about the COVID-19 diagnosis and mortality dates of the entire Korean population between October 2020 and December 2021 (for diagnosis) or March 2022 (for mortality). A total of 24,310,283 adults were included and classified into four metabolic obesity phenotypes: (1) metabolically healthy and normal weight (MHNW), (2) metabolically unhealthy and normal weight (MUNW), (3) metabolically healthy and obese (MHO), and (4) metabolically unhealthy and obese (MUO). COVID-19 mortality and severity were compared according to metabolic obesity phenotypes in the total population and in each age group (20–<50 years, 50–<70 years, and ≥ 70 years). Additionally, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) after COVID-19 infection were compared according to metabolic obesity phenotypes. Results A total of 3, 956, 807 participants (16.3%) were diagnosed with COVID-19 during the study period. Among them, metabolically unhealthy subjects had higher mortality rates than metabolically healthy subjects (0.81% for MUNW, 0.40% for MUO, 0.23% for MHNW, and 0.19% for MHO). The rates of severe hospitalized disease were also higher in metabolically unhealthy subjects than in healthy subjects (0.59% for MUNW, 0.55% for MUO, 0.19% for MHNW, and 0.31% for MHO). In the subgroup analyses by age, similar trends were observed in subjects aged 20–50 and 50–70 years, respectively. Additionally, the incidence of total MACE was increased in metabolically unhealthy individuals. Conclusions The study shows that metabolic health is more strongly associated with COVID-19 mortality and severity than obesity, particularly in adults aged < 70 years.