Abstract
Abstract
Background
Culex quinquefasciatus is not only a biting nuisance but also an important vector of fatal diseases. In Saudi Arabia, management measures to control this mosquito and thereby prevent associated disease transmission have focused on insecticides. Nevertheless, information on the resistance status of C. quinquefasciatus is insufficient, especially concerning insecticides containing novel classes of insecticides.
Methods
We evaluated six insecticides belonging to four classes of insecticides (insect growth regulators [3], avermectins [1], diamides [1] and spinosyns [1]) for toxicity and resistance in eight C. quinquefasciatus populations (from Ishbiliya, Al-Masfa, Al-Masanie, Al-Washlah, Al-Nakhil, Irqah, Al-Suwaidi and Al-Ghanemiya) following World Health Organisation protocols.
Results
Resistance status ranging from susceptibility/low resistance to high resistance, in comparison with the susceptible strain, was detected for cyromazine in the eight C. quinquefasciatus populations: Ishbiliya (resistance ratio [RR] = 3.33), Al-Masfa (RR = 4.33), Al-Masanie (RR = 3.67), Al-Washlah (RR = 2.33), Al-Nakhil (RR = 5.33), Irqah (RR = 7.00), Al-Suwaidi (RR = 21.33) and Al-Ghanemiya (RR = 16.00). All C. quinquefasciatus populations exhibited a high level of resistance to diflubenzuron (RR = 13.33–43.33), with the exception of Al-Nakhil which exhibited moderate resistance (RR = 10.00). Susceptibility/low resistance to high resistance was observed for triflumuron in the eight C. quinquefasciatus populations: Ishbiliya (RR = 0.50), Al-Ghanemiya (RR = 3.00), Al-Suwaidi (RR = 10.00), Al-Masfa (RR = 5.00), Al-Masanie (RR = 10.00), Al-Nakhil (RR = 5.00), Irqah (RR = 5.00) and Al-Washlah (RR = 15.00). Susceptibility/low resistance was assessed for abamectin, chlorantraniliprole and spinosad in all C. quinquefasciatus populations, with RR ranges of 0.25–3.50, 0.17–2.19, and 0.02–0.50, respectively. However, the population collected from Irqah showed high resistance to chlorantraniliprole (RR = 11.93).
Conclusions
The detection of widespread resistance to insect growth regulators in C. quinquefasciatus highlights an urgent need to establish integrated vector management strategies. Our results may facilitate the selection of potent insecticides for integrated vector management programmes for C. quinquefasciatus.
Graphical Abstract
Funder
Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Infectious Diseases,Parasitology
Reference56 articles.
1. Shah RM, Alam M, Ahmad D, Waqas M, Ali Q, Binyameen M, et al. Toxicity of 25 synthetic insecticides to the field population of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Parasitol Res. 2016;115:4345–51.
2. Amorim LB, Helvecio E, de Oliveira CMF, Ayres CFJ. Susceptibility status of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to the chemical insecticide temephos in Pernambuco, Brazil. Pest Manag Sci. 2013;69:1307–14.
3. World Health Organisation. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report on mass drug administration, 2010. Weekly Epidemiol Rec. 2011;86:377–87.
4. Nitatpattana N, Apiwathnasorn C, Barbazan P, Leemingsawat S, Yoksan S, Gonzalez J. First isolation of Japanese encephalitis from Culex quinquefasciatus in Thailand. SE Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005;36:875.
5. Hemida MG, Perera RAPM, Chu DKW, Ko RLW, Alnaeem AA, Peiris M. West Nile virus infection in horses in Saudi Arabia (in 2013–2015). Zoonoses Public Health. 2019;66:248–53.