Causal relationship between hypothyroidism and temporomandibular disorders: evidence from complementary genetic methods

Abstract

Abstract Background The role of thyroid health in temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) has been emphasized in observational studies. However, whether the causation exists is unclear, and controversy remains about which specific disorder, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, is destructive in TMDs. This study aims to investigate the overall and specific causal effects of various thyroid conditions on TMDs. Methods Mendelian randomization (MR) studies were performed using genetic instruments for thyrotropin (TSH, N = 119,715), free thyroxine (fT4, N = 49,269), hypothyroidism (N = 410,141), hyperthyroidism (N = 460,499), and TMDs (N = 211,023). We assessed the overall effect of each thyroid factor via inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, and MR-Egger methods, and performed extensive sensitivity analyses. Additionally, multivariable MR was conducted to evaluate the direct or indirect effects of hypothyroidism on TMDs whilst accounting for TSH, fT4 and hyperthyroidism, and vice versa. Results Univariable MR analyses revealed a causal effect of hypothyroidism on an increased risk of TMDs (IVW OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.05–1.20, p = 0.001). No significant association between genetically predicted hyperthyroidism, TSH, or fT4 and TMDs. In the multivariable MR analyses, the effects of hypothyroidism on TMDs occurrence remained significant even after adjSusting for TSH, fT4 and hyperthyroidism (multivariable IVW OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03–1.17, p = 0.006). No pleiotropy and heterogeneity were detected in the analyses (p > 0.05). Conclusions Hypothyroidism might causally increase the risk of TMDs through a direct pathway, highlighting the critical role of managing thyroid health in the prevention of TMDs. Clinicians should give heightened attention to patients with hypothyroidism when seeking medical advice for temporomandibular discomfort. However, caution is warranted due to the potential confounders, pleiotropy, and selection bias in the MR study.