Activation patterns of rotator-cuff muscles from quantitative IVIM DWI after physical testing

Abstract

Abstract Background The diagnostic value of clinical rotator cuff (RC) tests is controversial, with only sparse evidence available about their anatomical specificity. We prospectively assessed regional RC muscle activation patterns by means of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after the execution of common clinical RC tests. Methods Ten healthy subjects (five males, five females) underwent three sessions of diffusion-weighted 3-T shoulder MRI before and after testing the supraspinatus (SSP, Jobe test, session 1), subscapularis (SSC, lift-off test, session 2, at least 1 week later), and infraspinatus muscle (ISP, external rotation test, session 3, another week later). IVIM parameters (perfusion fraction, f; pseudo-diffusion coefficient. D*; and their product, fD*) were measured in regions of interest placed in images of the SSP, SSC, ISP, and deltoid muscle. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for group comparisons; p-values were adjusted using the Bonferroni correction. Results After all tests, fD* was significantly increased in the respective target muscles (SSP, SSC, or ISP; p ≤ 0.001). After SSP testing, an additional significant increase of fD* was observed in the deltoid, the SSC, and the ISP muscle (p < 0.001). After the SSC and ISP tests, no significant concomitant increase of any parameter was observed in the other RC muscles. Conclusion IVIM revealed varying activation patterns of RC muscles for different clinical RC tests. For SSP testing, coactivation of the deltoid and other RC muscles was observed, implying limited anatomical specificity, while the tests for the SSC and ISP specifically activated their respective target muscle. Relevance statement Following clinical RC tests, IVIM MRI revealed that SSP testing led to shoulder muscle coactivation, while the SSC and ISP tests specifically activated the target muscles. Key Points In this study, intravoxel incoherent motion MRI depicted muscle activation following clinical rotator cuff tests. After supraspinatus testing, coactivation of surrounding shoulder girdle muscles was observed. Subscapularis and infraspinatus tests exhibited isolated activation of their respective target muscles. Graphical Abstract