1. Andaya, B.W., and L.Y. Andaya. 1982. A History of Malaysia. Macmillan Press Ltd.
2. Benedict, Anderson. 1998. The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia and the World. London: Verso.
3. Coe, M.D. 1961. “Social Typology and Tropical Forest Civilizations.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 4 (1): 65–85.
4. Dohrs and Sommers. 1967. Cultural Geography: Selected Readings. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
5. Fu, I-ling. 1956. Mingqing Shidai Shangren ji Shangye Ziben [Merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasty and Commercial Capitals]. Beijing: People’s Publishing House.