Extracellular vesicles derived from CD4+ T cells carry DGKK to promote sepsis-induced lung injury by regulating oxidative stress and inflammation

Abstract

Abstract Background Sepsis is an abnormal immune response after infection, wherein the lung is the most susceptible organ to fail, leading to acute lung injury. To overcome the limitations of current therapeutic strategies and develop more specific treatment, the inflammatory process, in which T cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a central role, should be explored deeply. Methods Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was performed for serum EV protein profiling. The serum diacylglycerol kinase kappa (DGKK) and endotoxin contents of patients with sepsis-induced lung injury were measured. Apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in A549 cells, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissues of mice were measured by flow cytometry, biochemical analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blot. Results DGKK, the key regulator of the diacylglycerol (DAG)/protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, exhibited elevated expression in serum EVs of patients with sepsis-induced lung injury and showed strong correlation with sepsis severity and disease progression. DGKK was expressed in CD4+ T cells under regulation of the NF-κB pathway and delivered by EVs to target cells, including alveolar epithelial cells. EVs produced by CD4+ T lymphocytes exerted toxic effects on A549 cells to induce apoptotic cell death, oxidative cell damage, and inflammation. In mice with sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture, EVs derived from CD4+ T cells also promoted tissue damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the lungs. These toxic effects of T cell-derived EVs were attenuated by the inhibition of PKC and NOX4, the downstream effectors of DGKK and DAG. Conclusions This approach established the mechanism that T-cell-derived EVs carrying DGKK triggered alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage in sepsis-induced lung injury through the DAG/PKC/NOX4 pathway. Thus, T-cell-derived EVs and the elevated distribution of DGKK should be further investigated to develop therapeutic strategies for sepsis-induced lung injury.