Author:
Minami Marina,J-P Naw Awn,Noguchi Shuhei,Eitoku Masamitsu,Muchanga Sifa Marie Joelle,Mitsuda Naomi,Komori Kaori,Yasumitsu-Lovell Kahoko,Maeda Nagamasa,Fujieda Mikiya,Suganuma Narufumi,Kamijima Michihiro,Yamazaki Shin,Ohya Yukihiro,Kishi Reiko,Yaegashi Nobuo,Hashimoto Koichi,Mori Chisato,Ito Shuichi,Yamagata Zentaro,Inadera Hidekuni,Nakayama Takeo,Iso Hiroyasu,Shima Masayuki,Kurozawa Youichi,Suganuma Narufumi,Kusuhara Koichi,Katoh Takahiko,
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Extra energy intake is commonly recommended for pregnant women to support fetal growth. However, relevant data regarding variations in energy intake and expenditure, body mass index and gestational weight gain (GWG) are frequently not considered. This study aimed to investigate how energy intake during pregnancy and gestational weight gain (GWG) are associated with birth weight.
Methods
Early pregnant women were recruited into a Japanese nationwide prospective birth cohort study between 2011 and 2014. We analysed data of 89,817 mother-child pairs of live-born non-anomalous singletons after excluding births before 28 weeks or after 42 weeks. Energy intake during pregnancy was estimated from self-administered food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) and was stratified into low, medium, and high. Participants completed the FFQ in mid-pregnancy (mean 27.9 weeks) by recalling food consumption at the beginning of pregnancy. Effects of energy intake on birth weight and mediation by GWG were estimated using the Karlson–Holm–Breen method; the method separates the impact of confounding in the comparison of conditional and unconditional parameter estimates in nonlinear probability models. Relative risks and risk differences for abnormal birth size were calculated.
Results
Mean daily energy intake, GWG, and birth weight were 1682.1 (533.6) kcal, 10.3 (4.0) kg, and 3032.3 (401.4) g, respectively. 6767 and 9010 women had small-for-gestational-age and large-for-gestational-age infants, respectively. Relative to low energy intake, moderate and high intakes increased adjusted birth weights by 13 g and 24 g, respectively: 58 and 69% of these effects, respectively, were mediated by GWG. Compared with the moderate energy intake group, the low energy intake group had seven more women per 1000 women with a small-for-gestational-age birth, whereas the high energy intake group had eight more women per 1000 women with a large-for-gestational-age birth.
Conclusion
GWG mediates the effect of energy intake on birth weight. All pregnant women should be given adequate nutritional guidance for optimal GWG and fetal growth.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Cited by
4 articles.
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